Page 65 - 理化检验-物理分册2025年第五期
P. 65

5


                 质量控制与失效分析                                                          DOI:10.11973/lhjy-wl240276



                                     换热器筒体法兰焊缝开裂原因



                                                             1
                                      韩大明 ,安洪亮 ,孙洪伟 ,胡希海 ,王 博 ,胡庆睿                    3
                                            1
                                                                              1
                                                     1
                                                                     2
                   (1.中国机械总院集团哈尔滨焊接研究所有限公司,哈尔滨 150028;2.抚顺机械设备制造有限公司,抚顺 113121;

                                             3.抚顺市特种设备监督检验所,抚顺 113006)
                      摘  要:某设备制造厂换热器筒体与法兰焊接接头发生开裂现象,采用化学成分分析、硬度测试、
                  金相检验、扫描电镜分析等方法对焊缝开裂区域的裂纹及断口进行分析。结果表明:筒体与法兰的
                  化学成分满足标准要求,焊材选用合理;焊缝形成淬硬组织,接头过热区为高硬度区,最高硬度为
                  436 HV1;焊接接头在环向拉应力的作用下,产生由内表面向外表面扩展的沿晶裂纹,裂纹终止于距
                  打底焊缝表面70 mm处,开裂性质为氢致延迟开裂;换热器筒体强度较高,淬硬倾向较大是焊缝发
                  生氢脆开裂的根本原因。
                      关键词: 12Cr2Mo1V钢;换热器;焊缝;延迟裂纹;氢脆
                      中图分类号:TG442;TG115.2      文献标志码:B    文章编号:1001-4012(2025)05-0053-04
                            Cracking reason of flange weld of heat exchanger cylinder


                              HAN Daming , AN Hongliang , SUN Hongwei , HU Xihai , WANG Bo , HU Qingrui 3
                                                                          2
                                         1
                                                     1
                                                                 1
                                                                                   1
              (1. Harbin Welding Institute Limited Company, Harbin 150028, China; 2. Fushun Mechanical Equipment Manufacturing Co., Ltd.,
                     Fushun 113121, China; 3. Fushun Supervisor Inspection Institute for Special Equipment, Fushun 113006, China)
                       Abstract:  Cracking  occurred  in  the  welded  joint  of  heat  exchanger  cylinder  and  flange  in  a  equipment
                  manufacturer. The crack and fracture of the weld cracking area were analyzed by means of chemical composition
                  analysis, hardness test, metallographic examination and scanning electron microscope analysis. The results show
                  that  the  chemical  composition  of  the  cylinder  and  flange  met  the  standard  requirements,  and  the  selection  of
                  welding materials was reasonable. The weld formed a hardened structure, and the overheated zone of the joint was
                  a high hardness zone with a maximum hardness of 436 HV1. Under the action of circumferential tensile stress, an
                  intergranular crack extending from the inner surface to the outer surface was generated in the welded joint. The crack
                  ended at 70 mm from the surface of the backing weld, and the cracking property was hydrogen-induced delayed
                  cracking. The high strength of the heat exchanger cylinder and the large hardening tendency were the root causes of
                  hydrogen embrittlement cracking in the weld.
                       Keywords: 12Cr2Mo1V steel; heat exchanger; welding seam; delayed crack; hydrogen embrittlement

                  换热器是石油石化工业生产中最常见的热量传                               近年来,换热器设备的钢材强度提高,钢材的延
              递设备,其通过对冷热流体进行换热,来满足工艺生                           迟断裂敏感性也随之增大,经常发生氢脆引发的失
              产的要求 。随着强化传热等技术的发展,换热器的                           效事故。氢脆是在一定氢环境下,应力诱导氢元素
                      [1]
              制造技术和传热性能也不断提高,成为石油、化工、                           扩散至缺陷处,从而导致材料性能降低并发生氢致
              核电领域最常用的通用设备。然而,由于部分关键设                           延迟断裂现象。研究表明,焊接过程中,氢在高温下
              备的设计与使用管理经验有所欠缺,因此也会发生设                           大量熔于焊缝金属中,导致氢含量过高,随着温度的
              备损伤、失效等现象,甚至可能导致燃爆事故                   [2-3] 。    降低,奥氏体转变为溶氢能力低的马氏体,使得氢以
                                                                饱和状态存在于焊缝中,增大了过热区的内应力,从
                 收稿日期:2024-09-24
                                                                而促进氢脆的发生         [4-5] 。氢脆一旦产生,就不能消除。
                 作者简介:韩大明(1983—),男,本科,工程师,主要从事理化检
                                                                因此,必须在尚未产生微裂纹的情况下,通过长时间
              验工作
                                                                                             [6]
                 通信作者:孙洪伟,1456975648@qq.com                     脱氢处理来降低钢中的氢浓度 。ZHU等                     [7-8]  研究
                                                                                                           53
   60   61   62   63   64   65   66   67   68   69   70