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质量控制与失效分析 DOI:10.11973/lhjy-wl230336
某电站锅炉水冷壁管泄漏原因
周嘉炜,封小亮,刘课秀
(广州特种设备检测研究院,广州 510663)
摘 要:采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、力学性能测试、金相检验、扫描电镜及能谱分析、
X射线衍射物相分析等方法对某电厂锅炉水冷壁管的泄漏原因进行分析。结果表明:锅炉在运行过
程中,热载荷、吹灰、焊接、水垢、管壁金属减薄等因素使水冷壁管内壁出现局部氧化膜受损,受损部
位基体金属与介质中的铜离子发生电化学腐蚀,导致水冷壁管发生腐蚀减薄,局部出现铜聚集并形
成垢层;水冷壁内壁垢层的传热性差,局部形成异常高温高压环境,使钢管内壁金属发生垢下氢腐
蚀,造成钢管组织脱碳、晶界开裂,并逐渐扩展为宏观裂纹,降低了水冷壁管的局部力学性能,最终
导致水冷壁管发生泄漏事故。
关键词: 水冷壁管;电化学腐蚀;氢腐蚀;20G钢;铜元素;垢层
中图分类号:TG115.2;TB31 文献标志码:B 文章编号:1001-4012(2025)01-0066-06
Causes of water wall tube leakage of a power station boiler
ZHOU Jiawei, FENG Xiaoliang, LIU Kexiu
(Guangzhou Academy of Special Equipment Inspection & Testing, Guangzhou 510663, China)
Abstract: Macroscopic observation, chemical composition analysis, mechanical property test, metallographic
examination, scanning electron microscope and energy spectrum analysis, X-ray diffraction phase analysis were used to analyze
the leakage causes of boiler water wall tubes in a power plant. The results show that during the operation of the boiler, heat
load, soot blowing, welding, scale, wall metal thinning and other factors damaged the local oxide film on the inner wall of
the water wall tube. The electrochemical corrosion of the matrix metal and the copper ion in the medium led to the corrosion
thinning of the water wall tube, copper agglomeration and formation of scale layer appeared locally. The heat transfer of the
scale layer on the inner wall of the water wall was poor, and an abnormal high temperature and high pressure environment was
formed locally, which caused hydrogen corrosion under the scale on the inner wall of the steel pipe, resulting in decarburization
of the steel pipe structure, grain boundary cracking and gradual expansion into macro cracks, reducing the local mechanical
properties of the water wall pipe, and eventually leading to leakage accidents of the water wall pipe.
Keywords: water wall tube; electrochemical corrosion; hydrogen corrosion; 20G steel; copper element; scale layer
随着我国生产建设和经济的快速发展,电能的 (水冷壁管、再热器管、过热器管和省煤器管)失效造
需求量也逐渐增加。电站锅炉作为发电厂的主要热 成的,其中40%的故障出现在水冷壁管中 。水冷壁
[10]
力设备,其安全性和稳定性是保证电力生产的重要 管故障不仅大幅增加企业的检修费用,而且严重影响
[11]
因素 [1-5] 。水冷壁是电站锅炉的主要受热部件,由于 锅炉机组的安全运行,甚至会造成人员伤亡事故 。
水冷壁管内外环境差异较大,服役环境苛刻,在服 某电站锅炉为自然循环汽包炉,型号为
役过程中易发生吹损减薄、高温腐蚀、碱腐蚀等问 DG680/13.7-20,主蒸汽流量为680 t/h,主蒸汽出口
题 [6-9] 。据统计,锅炉事故中70%以上是由锅炉四管 压力为13.7 MPa,主蒸汽出口温度为540 ℃, 水冷壁
管规格为60 mm×6.5 mm(外径×壁厚),钢管材料
收稿日期:2024-02-22
为20G钢,该锅炉于2003年1月投入使用。爆管位
基金项目: 广州市市场监督管理局科技项目(2023KJ12)
置为炉膛水冷壁管右侧吹灰器IR14往炉前侧数第
作者简介:周嘉炜(1983—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事特
种设备检验研究工作,gary2228@126.com 8根管, 水冷壁管泄漏位置如图1所示。
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