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                 质量控制与失效分析                                                          DOI:10.11973/lhjy-wl240013



                                     15CrMoG 钢水冷壁爆管原因



                                                    张 路,蒙新明,赖云亭
                                              (苏州热工研究院有限公司,苏州 215004)

                      摘  要:某电厂水冷壁发生爆管事故。采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、力学性能测试、金相检验、
                  扫描电镜及能谱分析等方法研究了水冷壁爆管的原因。结果表明:管子向火侧有大量横向穿晶裂纹,
                  向火侧组织老化级别高于背火侧,但无明显过热特征,裂纹内含有S等腐蚀性元素; 机组频繁调峰以
                  及直流锅炉运行工况不稳定,使管子温度波动幅度较大的蒸发段区域发生热疲劳开裂,腐蚀性烟气
                  加速了裂纹的扩展,最终导致水冷壁发生爆管事故。
                      关键词: 15CrMoG钢;水冷壁;爆管;热疲劳;腐蚀
                      中图分类号:TB31;TG115.2      文献标志码:B    文章编号:1001-4012(2025)04-0082-04
                               Causes of 15CrMoG steel water cooled wall pipe burst

                                              ZHANG Lu, MENG Xinming, LAI Yunting
                                      (Suzhou Nuclear Power Institute Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215004, China)

                       Abstract: A water cooled wall pipe burst accident occurred in a certain power plant. The causes of water cooled
                  wall pipe bursting were studied using macroscopic observation, chemical composition analysis, mechanical property
                  testing, metallographic examination, scanning electron microscopy and energy spectrum analysis. The results show
                  that there were a large number of transverse transgranular cracks on the fire side of the tube, and the aging level of the
                  tissue on the fire side was higher than that on the back side, but there was no obvious overheating characteristic. The
                  cracks contained corrosive elements such as S. Frequent peak shaving of the unit and unstable operating conditions of
                  the once-through boiler caused thermal fatigue cracking in the evaporation section where the temperature fluctuation of
                  the pipes was large. Corrosive flue gas accelerated the propagation of cracks, ultimately led to pipe bursting accidents in
                  the water cooled wall pipes.
                       Keywords: 15CrMoG steel; water cooled wall; pipe burst; thermal fatigue; corrosion


                  锅炉受热面“四管”泄漏会使火电机组停机                    [1-2] 。  厚度)。前墙标高48 m处一水冷壁管(自炉左侧第

              锅炉“四管”中水冷壁管所处的环境最为苛刻,管内                           74根管,EF层燃烧器上部偏炉右,处于蒸发区域)
              外服役环境差异较大,受力最复杂,烟气腐蚀最严                            发生爆管事故,附近21根管子有横向裂纹。笔者采
              重,在服役过程中易发生吹损减薄、高温腐蚀、超温、                          用一系列理化检验方法对水冷壁爆管原因进行分
              碱腐蚀等事故,导致水冷壁管泄漏               [3-5] 。             析,以避免该类问题再次发生。
                  某电厂 2 号锅炉为一次再热、平衡通风、全
                                                                1  理化检验
              悬吊结构Π型超超临界参数变压直流炉,机组子
              2010 年投运,累计运行时间为 8 685.48 h。水冷壁                   1.1  宏观观察
              设计介质的压力为 31 MPa,温度为 480  ℃。炉膛                          对爆口处和远离爆口处的水冷壁管进行宏观观
              水冷壁为内螺纹管垂直上升式焊接膜式壁,其材料                            察,结果如图1所示。由图1可知:爆口处水冷壁管
              为 15CrMoG钢,规格为 28.6 mm×6.4 mm(直径×                 表面有明显的结垢,在向火侧表面分布有大量平行
                                                                横向条纹,主爆口靠近焊缝,背火侧无结垢;远离爆
                 收稿日期:2024-01-24
                                                                口处的水冷壁管向火侧表面无结垢,在向火侧表面
                 作者简介:张 路(1979-) ,男,高级工程师,主要从事理化检验
              及失效分析工作,lu9732@136.com                            也有平行横向条纹。

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