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质量控制与失效分析 DOI:10.11973/lhjy-wl240316
锅炉过热器无缝钢管渗漏原因
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刘连花 ,杨宏坤 ,杨 勇 ,谢咏馨 ,卢凤池 ,黄玉玲 ,魏正龙 1
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[1.广东省科学院 工业分析检测中心,广州 510650;2.广船国际有限公司工法研究所(智能制造研究所),广州 511462]
摘 要:某锅炉过热器无缝钢管使用后出现渗漏现象,采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、金相检验、
硬度测试、扫描电镜与能谱分析、X射线衍射分析等方法对钢管的渗漏原因进行分析。结果表明: 锅
炉过热器钢管的化学成分、显微组织和硬度均符合标准要求,但由于过热器长期在高温高压条件下
运行,含Cr元素的碳化物沿晶界析出,严重削弱了晶界的耐腐蚀性能,且管内表面受腐蚀性介质腐
蚀,管外表面受腐蚀性高温烟气冲刷,导致管内外表面出现应力腐蚀开裂,裂纹不断扩展,最终钢管
发生渗漏现象。
关键词: 无缝钢管;耐腐蚀;渗漏;碳化物;应力腐蚀开裂
中图分类号:TB31;TG174 文献标志码:B 文章编号:1001-4012(2025)03-0062-05
Causes of seamless steel pipe leakage of boiler superheater
LIU Lianhua , YANG Hongkun , YANG Yong , XIE Yongxin , LU Fengchi , HUANG Yuling , WEI Zhenglong 1
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[1. The Center for Industrial Analysis and Testing, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China;
2. Guangzhou Shipyard International Co., Ltd. (Intelligent Manufacturing Research Institute), Guangzhou 511462, China]
Abstract: Leakage occurred in the seamless steel pipe of a boiler superheater after use. The leakage causes
of the steel pipe were analyzed by means of macroscopic observation, chemical composition analysis, metallographic
examination, hardness test, scanning electron microscope and energy spectrum analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis and
other methods. The results show that the chemical composition, microstructure and hardness of the boiler superheater
steel pipe met the standard requirements. However, due to the long-term operation of the superheater under high
temperature and high pressure conditions, the carbides containing Cr elements precipitated along the grain boundary,
which seriously weakened the corrosion resistance of the grain boundary. In addition, the inner surface of the tube was
corroded by corrosive media, and the outer surface of the tube was scoured by corrosive high-temperature flue gas,
resulting in stress corrosion cracking on the inner and outer surfaces of the pipe, and the cracks continued to expand.
Finally, the leakage of the steel pipe occurred.
Keywords: seamless steel pipe; corrosion resistance; leakage; carbide; stress corrosion cracking
过热器是锅炉最主要的构件之一,在锅炉日常 堆积了厚厚的灰尘,现场将内部积灰全部清理干净,
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运行过程中,过热器长期受高温高压的作用 ,恶劣 在修复振打梁冷却水管、打压过程中发现过热器管
的工作环境要求锅炉过热器材料具有耐高温、抗氧 排出现渗漏。笔者采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、金
化和耐腐蚀等性能,同时其组织还应具有良好的稳 相检验、硬度测试、扫描电镜(SEM)与能谱分析、X
定性 [2-3] 。某过热器无缝钢管材料为07Cr18Ni11Nb 射线衍射分析等方法对钢管的渗漏原因进行分析,
钢,运行3 a后,发现锅炉过热器管排上方振打梁冷 以避免该类问题再次发生。
却水管出现渗漏现象,随后锅炉紧急停炉,炉膛内部
1 理化检验
收稿日期:2024-10-29 1.1 宏观观察
基金项目:国家自然科学青年基金 项目(52301039)
过热器安装于锅炉水平烟道内部,高温烟气流
作者简介:刘连花(1989-) ,女,硕士,工程师,主要从事金属材料
通换热,管道内部介质为高温高压蒸汽。机组正常
物理性能和化学成分测试分析工作,liulianhua1989@126.com
运行期间,锅炉过热器中蒸汽温度为700~800 ℃。
通信作者:杨 勇,yangyong@gzfenxi.com
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