Abstract: Abstract According to GB/T 4340.1—2009 and JJF 1059.1—2012, various influencing factors in the Vickers hardness test were fully considered to evaluate the measurement uncertainty of the Vickers hardness test, and compared the various influencing factors. The results show that factors such as the properties of the hardness tester itself, measurement errors of indentation diagonal length, uniformity of the tested sample, and magnitude of loading force had a significant impact on measurement uncertainty. Therefore, in the metal Vickers hardness test, selected a high-precision hardness tester, increased the number of measurements as much as possible, chose a location with good uniformity for testing, and selected a relatively large loading force could effectively reduce measurement uncertainty and obtain accurate test data.