Abstract: Aiming at the damage problem of an aero-engine rolling bearing under high load, the damage causes were analyzed by means of macroscopic observation, scanning electron microscopy and energy spectrum analysis, metallographic examination and hardness test. The results show that after the load test, the outer ring and rolling body surface of the rolling bearing appeared serious spalling phenomenon. The main damage modes of the bearing were contact fatigue spalling and abrasive wear.The contact fatigue damage of the bearing was caused by the accumulation of plastic strain under high load and the generation of white high hardness 'butterfly' structure.